FACTS
RESOURCE LIST | FACTS | INITIATIVES | WONDERWOMEN
Academia & EducationYoung women are now much more likely to have at least a bachelor’s degree—a complete reversal of the gender gap from 1980. In 2000, 31 percent of young women had at least a bachelor’s compared to 28 percent of young men. In 2011, 37 percent of young women had at least a bachelor’s degree compared to 29 percent of young men. Today, two out of three students graduate with student debt, up from one out of three in 1992. The average student graduates with over $24,000 in student loan debt. The State of Young America 2011 Women represent 51% of the nations PhDs, 51% of business school applicants, 67% of college graduates, and more than 70% of 2012 Valedictorians. [Catalina Leadership 2012] In 1975, a higher percentage of males than females had completed high school, by a difference of 3 percentage points, but by 2010 females' rate of high school attainment was higher than males', by 3 percentage points [2011] A higher percentage of males than females had attained a bachelor's degree in 1975 (by a difference of 6 percentage points), while by 2010 the percentage of females who had attained a bachelor's degree was 8 percentage points higher than that of males. [2011] National Center for Education Statistics 2011
In 2009, 57.2% of Bachelor Degrees, 60.4% of Masters Degrees, and 52.3% of Doctoral Degrees awarded in the US were awarded to women. [2011] National Center for Education Statistics 2011
Women are more likely than men to graduate from college, are running more than 10 million businesses with combined annual sales of $1.1 trillion, and are responsible for making 80% of consumer buying decisions. [2009]
Nationally, women are 57 percent of all college students but only 26 percent of full professors, 23 percent of university presidents and 14 percent of presidents at the doctoral degree-granting institutions. [2009] The number of female presidents has not changed in the last 10 years. [2009] Women account for less than 30 percent of the board members on college and university boards. [2009] Female faculty have not made any progress in closing the salary gap with their male counterparts. in 1972, they made 83 percent of what male faculty made: today they make 82 percent of what male faculty make. [2009]
Twenty years after women became the majority on campus, college administrators are struggling to strike a gender balance even as female applicants outnumber men by nearly 30 percent. [2010] Nationally about 58 percent of college undergraduates are women, with some campuses at 70 percent. [2010] Alerted by media reports that some admissions officers may be accepting less-qualified male students over female applicants, the Civil Rights Commission is investigating whether women are being discriminated against in college admissions. [2010]
28,962 -- Number of women who earned doctorate degrees at U.S. colleges and universities during the 2008-09 academic year.
Just this year, working women surpassed men in the attainment of college degrees. Women now outnumber men when it comes to finishing college and holding advanced degrees. [2011] Women enroll in greater numbers than men in both undergraduate and graduate institutions. In 2008, the immediate college enrollment rate for all females was higher than that for all males, 72 percent versus 66 percent, respectively. [2011] By 2019, women are projected to account for nearly 60 percent of total undergraduate enrollment. [2011] More recently, between 1997 and 2007, the increase in female full-time graduate students was nearly double that of males. [2011] From 1986 to 2006 the percentage of women presidents of a college or university rose from 10 to 23 percent. [2011] But in 2006, most women presidents led community colleges (28.8 percent) or small, liberal arts colleges. Only 13.6 percent headed doctoral schools in 2006. Even fewer women are at the top of large research universities. [2011] In the United States in 2010-2011, women earned only 36.8 percent of MBAs. This is a slight drop from 2009-2010 (36.9 percent). [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten, Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. |
Arts & EntertainmentOf the 44 comedy pilots ordered by the networks in anticipation of the 2012-13 season, 18 were conceived and/or written by women. The LA Times reported that Oscar voters are nearly 94 percent Caucasian and 77 percent male. Men compose more than 90 percent of the five branches of the Academy, such as cinematography and visual effects. Only 6 of the 43 members of the governing board of the Academy are female, and only one is a person of color. In 2009 there were 217 million moviegoers. The total admissions was 1.4 billion dollars. Women were 113 million of the moviegoers and bought 55% of the tickets. Men are 104 million of the moviegoers and 45% of the tickets. Women made up 9 million more filmgoers than men. Women Behind the Scenes 2011:
Center for the Study of Women in TV and Film In 2011, only 5% of the top grossing films in Hollywood were directed by Women. The number has decreased since 1998. In 84 years only 4 women -- Lina Wertmuller, Jane Campion, Sofia Coppola and Kathryn Bigelow -- have been nominated for best director. One 1 has won. Only 7% of Hollywood Directors are women Gena Davis Center for Gender in the Media From June 29, 2008 to August 27, 2010, the New York Times reviewed 545 works of fiction—338, or 62 percent, were by men. The number of men and women reviewed in The New York Times in 2011, she found that only 40 percent were female. Additionally, 10 men were given two reviews and a profile, while only one woman was. Studies have shown that women make up just 16% of the behind the scenes crew on domestically produced commercial films Looking at distribution statistics regarding the 250 top-grossing films released 2010 only 7% were directed by women, 10% written by women and 24% produced by women. 16.9% of the 3,879 feature films in both narrative and documentary categories submitted to the 2012 Sundance Film Festival were directed by women. In a survey of the top 100-grossing movies of 2009 — including " Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen," "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince," and "The Twilight Saga: New Moon"— researchers found that 32.8% of the 4,342 speaking characters were female and 67.2% were male, a percentage identical to that of the top-grossing movies of 2008. The USC study determined that women were still far more likely than men to wear sexy clothing in movies, such as swimwear and unbuttoned shirts (25.8% versus 4.7%), to expose skin (23% versus 7.4%) and to be described by another character as attractive (10.9% versus 2.5%). Revealing clothing and partial nudity was just as prevalent among 13- to 20-year-old female characters as it was among those 21 to 29, suggesting that females are sexualized on-screen at young ages. Behind the camera, the gender inequality is just as dramatic: only 3.6% of the directors and 13.5% of the writers on the top-grossing films of 2009 were female, according to the study. Researchers found that the sex of the storytellers had a significant effect on what appeared on-screen. In movies directed by women, 47.7% of the characters were female; in movies directed by men, fewer than a third of the characters were female. When one or more of the screenwriters was female, 40% of characters were female; when all the screenwriters were male, 29.8% of the characters were female. The LA Times, November 2011 Women comprised 25% of all individuals working as creators, directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and directors of photography on broadcast television programs during the 2010-11 prime-time season. Women fared best as producers (37%), followed by executive producers (22%), editors (20%), creators (18%), writers (15%), and directors of photography (4%). On screen, females accounted for 41% of all characters. Programs with at least one woman creator or writer featured more female characters than programs with no women creators or writers. [2011] The Celluloid Ceiling study has tracked women's representation as directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and cinematographers on the top 250 domestic grossing films. In an effort to assess the larger picture of women's employment in film, this study monitored their representation as production designers (20%), production managers/production supervisors (25%/44%), sound designers/supervising sound editors (5%/5%), key grips (1%), and gaffers (1%). [2009] In 2010, women comprised 16% of all directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors working on the top 250 domestic grossing films. This represents a decline of 1 percentage point from 1998 and is even with 2009 figures. [2010] Women accounted for 7% of directors in 2010, the same percentage as in 2009. This figure represents a decline of two percentage points from 1998. [2010] Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, 2010 Across 400 top-grossing G, PG, PG-13 and R rated films released between 1990 and 2006, only 27 percent of over 15,000 speaking characters were female. African American women constitute only 7 percent of characters featured in dramas and situation comedies, Latinas constitute two percent, and Asian women account for less than two percent. [2009] Women own less than 6 percent of the full-power television stations in the U.S. [2009]
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Business Employment & LeadershipIn North America, women held 9.9% of senior private equity roles in 2012, up from 8.9% in 2011. Women own 40% of businesses in the US and growing at a rate of 2x faster than businesses as a whole- these 8 million women-owned enterprises have an annual economic impact of nearly $3 trillion. According to World Bank estimates, women own or operate between 25-33% of all private businesses globally. Scaling Up: Ernst and Young 2009 46% of women-owned companies earn $10,000 or less and about 80 percent have annual revenues of less than $50,000. Despite the growing number of women entrepreneurs, only 3 percent of women-owned businesses have revenues of $1 million or more compared with 6 percent of men-owned businesses. A study found that given equal resumes, women with children are 79 percent less likely to be hired than women without children. None of Minnesota‘s 21 Fortune 500 companies are led by a woman. Twenty-eight (28%) of Minnesota‘s top 100 publicly held companies have no women directors and 31% have no women corporate officers. Sixty-six percent (66%) of Minnesota‘s Fortune 500 Human Resources executive officers are women, while only 16% are Chief Financial Officers. Women make up the majority of Minnesota‘s workforce: 80% of women with children work, and 51% of Minnesota‘s working mothers are the primary breadwinner for their family, representing a 27% increase in the past two years. Between 1970 and 2009 women went from holding 37% of all jobs to nearly 48% [Catalina Leadership 2012] Females earn 11% less than males on average, are paid less than males in every industry and in many industries the gender pay gap has widened in the past 14 years. [2009] Goldman Sachs JBwere Investment Research At the DAVOS WEF (World Economic Forum) in Sweden: 80 percent of attendees were men, women often were a minority of one on panels or not represented at all. Sheryl Sandberg was one of six co-chairs of the forum; the rest were men. Panels on the future of banking, energy supplies, international finance and global risks were among those with no women except moderators, even with a forum theme of "The Great Transformation: Shaping New Models." About 20 percent of the panel speakers at 2012 WEF were women, up from 17 percent last year. About 80 percent of the WEF's partner companies brought mixed-gender delegations. Mary Tolan, the founder and CEO of Accretive Health Inc., was the only woman around the table at WEF. San Fransisco Chronicle January 2012 Nearly 50 years after the Equal Pay Act became law, American women working full-time are paid just 77 cents to the dollar compared to their male counterparts. Due to the wage gap, full-time working women in New York collectively lose more than $22,340,000,000 each year. If the wage gap is closed, working women in New York and their families would have enough money for more than a year’s worth of food; 4.4 months of mortgage and utility payments; 9 additional months of rent; 3 extra years of family health insurance premiums; or more than 2,000 gallons of gas. New York State Pay Equity Coalition (2011) The number of women participating in the work force went from about 41% to 56% over a 40-year period. If they didn't join the work force, that would have been a 25% hit to GDP. In the corporate world today, about 53% of the workers coming in are women. The female participation rate kind of goes 53% at the entry level, and then 37% at the next level up—lower-middle management. Then, at the VP level, it's 28%. And at the executive committee, it's about 14% and then, 3%. Rebecca Blumenstein The Wall Street Journal November 2011 Among Fortune 500 companies, women constitute only 3 percent of the CEO s, 6 percent of the top paying positions and 16 percent of the corporate officers. [2009] Women have reached the CEO level in only four of the 14 industries covered by the Fortune 500—and even in these four industries, over 95% of the CEOs are male. [2009] Among Fortune 500 companies, women account for 15 percent of the board members; 13 percent of these companies have no women on their boards. [2009] women make up 48 percent of the labor force and 51 percent of all management/administrative/professional positions – but progress beyond this point is stalled and has been for the past three years. [2009] The wage gap widens as women age and move up the ladder into management. Women make only 78 percent of what men make – an improvement of less than half a penny a year since 1963 when The Equal Pay Act was signed. African-American women make 64 percent and Hispanic women make 52 percent of what white men make. [2009] Profits at Fortune 500 firms that most aggressively promoted women have been shown to be 34% higher than industry medians. [2009] The stock value of European firms with the highest proportion of women in power rose 64% over two years, compared with an average of 47% for all businesses, according to a McKinsey & Company study. [2009] A recent report called Women Matter 2010 found that companies with a higher proportion of women in their executive committees are also the companies that have the best performance. [2011] Firms with women investment partners are 70 percent more likely to lead an investment in a woman entrepreneur than those with only male partners. [2011] The high-tech companies that women build are more capital- efficient than the norm. [2011] Despite often being capital-constrained, women-owned businesses are more likely to survive the transition from raw start-up to established company than the average company. [2011] Organizations that are the most inclusive of women in top management achieve 35 percent higher returns on equity and 34 percent better total return to shareholders versus their peers. Research shows that gender diversity is particularly valuable where innovation is a key asset. [2011] Women currently hold 2.8 percent of Fortune 500 CEO roles and 3.3 percent of Fortune 1000 CEO roles. [2011] Overall, Women in Business in 2010 only included 7.6 percent of Fortune 500 top earners, 51.5 percent of management, professional, and related occupations, and 46.7 percent of the U.S. labor force. [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten, Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. Women continue to dominate professions traditionally done by women, which typically pay less, accounting for over 95 percent of all kindergarten teachers, librarians, dental assistants and registered nurses in 2009. In 2009 women accounted for less then 21 percent of computer programmers which was down from over one-third of the population since the late 1980s. Similarly, women's share of civil engineering declined from 13 percent in 2005 to just over 7 percent in 2009. IWPR's briefing paper "Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap." 2009 The ratio of women's and men's median annual earnings, was 77.0 for full-time, year round workers in 2009, essentially unchanged from 77.1 in 2008. (this means the gender wage gap for full-time year-round workers is now 22.9 percent.) This is below the peak of 77.8 percent in 2007. An alternative measure of the wage gap, the ratio of women's and men's median weekly earnings for full-time workers- was 80.2 in 2009, which is essentially flat since the historical high of 81.0 in 2005. Institute for Women's Policy Research, Fact Sheet, September 2010 Women working full-time year-round continue to be paid only 77 cents for every dollar paid to their male counterparts in 2010. [2011] Median earnings for most women of color are even lower. In 2009, the earnings of African American women were 67.5 percent of all men’s earnings, and Latinas’ earnings were 57.7 percent of all men’s earnings. [2011] Additionally, more than half of married households have both spouses working and therefore women’s pay inequity hurts these middle class families’ economic stability. In single parent households, more often than not it is a woman as the sole caretaker of the children. [2011] Women may lose $434,000 in income, on average, over their lifetime due to the career wage gap. This harms women’s ability to save for the future, including retirement and their children’s higher education. [2011] Women with college degrees earn about $713,000 less than men over 40-year careers. [2011] The legal profession had the biggest pay gap - a lifetime pay gap of $1,481,000. [2011] A recent report showed that for 111 occupations for which there was sufficient data to analyze, women earned less than men in 107, or 96 percent of these occupations. [2011] The four occupations where women make more than men are: combined food prep and serving workers, including fast food (112.1 percent), bill and account collectors (109.5 percent) stock clerks and order fillers (105.1 percent), and counselors (104.9 percent). [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten, Women's Economic Future in America, 2011. Women make up 48% of the labor force and 51% of all management/administrative/professional positions – but there has been little progress beyond this point. For the past three years, women in top leadership positions across 10 different sectors have stalled at 18% (on average) – with numbers much lower among women of color. [2009] Six years of polling by The White House Project and GfK/Roper Public Affairs (in polls conducted in 2007, 2005 and 2002) have found that both women and men in large numbers—in some cases, as high as 90% (and never lower than 70%)—are ready to see women in the highest positions of leadership. [2009] Women’s “transformative” leadership style — making institutions more transparent, responsive, accountable and ethical — has been found to be more effective in leading modern organizations than men’s “transactional” approach, according to a Harvard Business Review analysis. Even national security and international security issues are being dealt with using these transformative leadership styles that women have created and championed for decades. Women are best-suited to steer these hotly debated issues to a successful solution — and lead our companies and our country from crisis to prosperity. [2009]
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Corporate BoardsThe number of women in senior technology positions at U.S. companies is down for the second year in a row. 9% of U.S. chief information officers (CIOs) are female, down from 11% last year and 12% in 2010. The percentage of women on boards of S&P 1500 companies has barely changed since 2009, from 12.1 percent to 12.6 percent. In 2011, women held 14.5 percent of board seats at Financial Post 500 companies, an increase of half of a percentage point since 2009. Women's representation on private company boards increased 3.0 percentage points from 2009 to 2011. (which represents a significant difference at p<.05). Close to half of public companies have zero women on their boards. Only one company in 2009 and three companies in 2011 had 40 percent or more women directors. 2011 Catalyst Census: Financial Post 500 Women Board Directors While women comprise 51% of the population, they make up only 15.7% of Fortune 500 boards of directors, less than 10% of California tech company boards, and 9.1% of Silicon Valley boards. Studies show companies with gender diversity at the top drive better financial performance on multiple measures – for example, 36% better stock price growth and 46% better return on equity. For Return on Equity, the companies with at least three women on the board outperform those with none by 46%; for Return on Invested Capital, it’s 60%, and for Return on Sales, those companies exceed the others by 84% Catalyst: Women Board Directors: A Comparison of Economic Results In Fortune 1000 companies, 14.6% of corporate directors are women. Women comprise about half of the total U.S. workforce; over half of all managers are women; and women are responsible for almost 80% of all consumer spending. In 2003, Norway adopted a law requiring 40% of all board members of state-owned corporations and publicly listed companies to be women. France, Belgium, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain followed suit and are adopting similar quotas. Germany has pledged to raise the amount of female participation by 30% or greater by 2013. France became the first model of success in 2011 by appointing 20.1% of women to boardrooms after implementing the law the previous year. This is a 13% increase from 2004. In the CWDI 2011 Report on Women CEOs Opening Doors to Boardrooms and C-Suites, CDWIproposes the question: “Does it make a difference if a woman is in charge?” The answer: A resounding yes! The study analyzes 112 women CEOs in 39 countries. Three important points obtained from the research are as follows: 1. Top companies led by women have more women directors in boardrooms and in executive officer positions. 2. Companies with women CEOs have 22.3% women on their boards. This is compared to the 9.8% average on boards of blue chip companies. 3. Women-led companies have a higher percentage of women in senior management at 24.3%. The average representation of women in executive roles in peer companies is 12.2%. Europe's Boardrooms: Closer to Gender Equality In the U.S., the number of Fortune 500 companies run by women fell to a dozen last year from 15 in 2010, according to Fortune magazine's ranking. The percentage of women on U.K. boards is 14.9 percent, from 12.5 percent in 2010, according to a group called the "30 Percent Club" that is pushing for change. Across Europe, the proportion of women on the boards of the top 300 companies grew to 12 percent in 2010 from 8 percent in 2004, an October 2010 report by the European Professional Women's Network shows. At this rate, gender parity would be reached in 16 years, the report said. Among Fortune 500 companies, women account for 15% of board members, an increase of 5% in 13 years; however, 13% of these companies have no women on their boards. [2009] Similarly, women represent 16% of the board seats at the top 200 companies on the S&P 200, but only 12.4% at the top 100 banks. [2009] In 2008, of all Fortune 500 board seats, women of color held only 3.2% (a decline from 2005 levels)41 and more than 100 of these companies have no women of color on their boards at all. [2009] Only 16% of the nation’s top Fortune 500 companies board seats are held by women. [2011] Currently, 12 FORTUNE 500 companies are run by women, down from 15 last year. [2011] Companies with the most women board directors outperform those with the least on return on sales by 16 percent. [2011] Companies with the most women board directors outperform those with the least on return on invested capital by 26 percent. [2011] Companies with sustained high representation of women board directors, defined as those with three or more women board directors in at least four of five years, significantly outperformed those with sustained low representation by 84 percent on return on sales by 60 percent on return on invested capital, and by 46 percent on return on equity. [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten, Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. |
Economic Growth & DevelopmentIf women entrepreneurs in the US started with the same capital as men, they would add 6 million jobs to the economy in five years — 2 million of those in the first year alone. Scaling Up: Ernst and Young 2009 Women reinvest 90% of their income in their families and communities, compared to men who reinvest only 30% to 40% of their income. Groundbreakers: Ernst & Young 2009 A report issued by Goldman Sachs JBWere Investment Research focused on the impact of closing the female-male employment gap on Australia’s GDP. It is estimated that closing this gap would boost the level of Australian GDP by 11%. In terms of other nations, the analysis suggests that US GDP could be increased by as much as 10%, the Eurozone by 14%, Italy by 24%, Germany by 12%, France by 11%, the UK by 11% and Japan by 21%. [2009] The Report states that, “an important element of gender equality is the dominance of females in low productivity sectors of the economy, particularly health care and training, a bias to clerical roles and a bias to working short hours.” Policies that direct women into more productive sectors of the economy and retaining women in the workforce for longer would narrow or potentially eliminate the productivity gender gap. The impact of this would be significant: “On the assumption that females already in the workforce remain in their existing roles, then new female entrants exhibiting equal productivity gains as male workers would have the potential to boost the level of economic activity by over 20%.” In addition, closing the female-male employment gap and boosting female productivity would also help the problem of pension sustainability via increasing employment among those of working age, lifting household saving rates and lifting taxation receipts for governments. [2009] Toohey, Tim (Chief Economist), Colosimo, David and Boak, Andrew, Economics: Australia’s Hidden Resource: The Economic Case for Increasing Female Participation, Goldman Sachs JBWere Investment Research (26 November 2009) A follow-on Goldman Sachs Investment Research report, “The Power of the Purse”, finds that in general, and particularly as it relates to women in the BRICs and N-11 countries, as women gain more household bargaining power and influence over savings and spending decisions: Growing gender equality and the shift in household spending power towards women coincide with a period of rising incomes and rapid growth of the global middle class, which suggests that households are likely not only to spend more but also spend differently. Over the next five years, we expect to see the impact of rising incomes and improving gender equality play out most clearly in China and Russia, and to a lesser extent in Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia. [2009] The Power of the Purse: Gender Equality and Middle-Class Spending, Goldman Sachs, 2009 It is estimated that if women were paid equitably to men, America’s GDP could be up to 9 percent higher. [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten. Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. |
Economic Stats Taxes & FinanceUnemployment Rate % change on year ago United States: 8.3 (Jan) China: 6.1 (2010) Japan: 4.6 (Dec) Brazil: 4.7 (Dec) [The Economist February 11, 2012] Gross Domestic Product by Country United States: $14.58 Trillion China: $5.88 Trillion Japan: $5.5 Trillion Brazil: $2.09 Trillion [World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012] According to the Tax Policy Center, 76 million Americans who file income-tax returns, or 46.4% of the total, won't pay any taxes. [The Wall Street Journal Feb 2012] According to the Congressional Budget Office Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will cost taxpayers as much as $333 billion dollars. [The Wall Street Journal Feb 2012] |
Entrepreneurship & Small BusinessOver 400 women-led companies in the Springboard portfolio:
Women are starting businesses at a rate of 1.5 times the national average, which is a 20% increase over the last decade. 187 million women worldwide are currently starting or running a business enterprise As of 2012, it is estimated that there are over 8.3 million women-owned businesses in the United States, generating nearly $1.3 trillion in revenues and employing 7.7 million people. State Of Women Owned Business Report 2012 Women own 40% of businesses in the U.S. and their businesses are growing at twice the rate of U.S. firms as a whole. [2009] In October 2009, the Center for Women’s Business Research conducted a study that identified 8 million women-owned businesses nationwide. The study revealed that these women-owned firms have an economic impact of $3 trillion annually that translates into the creation and/or maintenance of more than 23 million jobs or 16% of all U.S. jobs. [2009] Policy Priorities of Women Business Owners, 2009 In October the Center for Women's Business Research published the first ever study on the economic impact of women business owners in the US. * There are approximately 8 million women-owned businesses nationwide * Women-owned businesses employ 23 million workers (16% of total US jobs) * Women business owners account for approximately $3 trillion dollars of total economic impact According to the study, 87.5% of all women-owned businesses are without employees - perhaps a dramatic majority, but not necessarily a problematic one. Let's not forget that flexibility is the third most motivating startup factor for women business owners, according to a 2006 MasterCard survey, and many such women feel that the responsibility of managing employees would impinge upon that. What is disturbing upon further examination of these statistics, however, is that the projected average annual revenue of these non-employee firms is $27,000, compared to the average annual revenue for firms with employees of $910,000. This means that 87.5% of women-owned businesses are only making 17% of the revenue, which represents a distinct revenue disparity where women entrepreneurs are concerned. [2009] Many women entrepreneurs lack access to both education and capital to make their businesses successful. Access to peers, mentors, resources, feedback, information and guidance about the business of running a business. Women also need increased access to capital, both as debt and equity. Women make up less than 20% of bank funding and less than 10% of angel and venture capital investments. Those with capital should recognize the incredible amount of value in this market and engage with women businesses owners to find creative and lucrative financing options or help them better connect with existing ones. [2009] Three quarters of all women-owned businesses are majority owned by women for a total of 7.2 million firms, employing 7.3 million people, and generating $1.1 trillion in sales. [2011] Women-owned firms account for 40% of all privately held firms. [2011] Businesses owned by women of color employ 1.2 million people and generate $165 billion in revenues annually. Between 2002 and 2008, these firms grew faster than all privately held firms. [2011] Women-owned or led firms are the fastest growing sector of new venture creation in the U.S., growing at five times the rate of all new firms between 1997 and 2006 – now representing nearly 50 percent of all privately held businesses. [2011] In the past 10 years more than 125 companies with over 200 women co-founders or officers have achieved IPOs or sold for greater than $50 million in the U.S. high-tech sector alone. [2011] According to research group VentureOne, 6.56 percent of venture capital backed companies had women founders in 2006. [2011] Only 2.67 percent of the total amount raised by venture capital backed companies had women CEOs in 2006. [2011] Women now represent just over 15 percent of angel investors, but just 5 to 7 percent of partner-level high-tech venture capital investors in the U.S. [2011] $1 million plus, woman-led companies are twice as likely as those led by men to gain debt versus equity capital. In 2008, woman co-founded tech businesses gained less than 10 percent of venture investment in the high-tech sector while representing 30 percent of the workforce. [2011] Gillibrand, Kirsten, Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. |
Gender Lens InvestingSoon to come...
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GirlsFor girls aged 8 to 17, 72% defined safety as not being physically hurt and 46% defined it as not having their feelings hurt. But when asked what actually worried them the most, the number one concern, noted by 32%, was being teased or being made fun of. Almost one quarter of teenage girls (23%) have fewer than three adults they could go to if they were in trouble or needed help, compared with only 11% of preteen girls who feel this way. In 2005, females were more likely than males to engage in disordered eating with 6% of females reporting vomiting or using laxatives to control weight compared with 3% of males. (ChildTrends.org, Child and Youth Indicators Databank: Disordered Eating—Symptoms of Bulimia, 2006) (The Girl Scout Research Institute, Feeling Safe: What Girls Say (2003)) In 2005, female high school students were more than twice as likely as their male peers to report being physically forced to have intercourse (11% compared with 4%). Eight percent of all students in grades 9 through 12 reported having been raped at some time in their lives. (ChildTrends.org, Child and Youth Indicators Databank: Adolescents Who Have Ever Been Raped) In 2005, 9.2% of students nationwide had been hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriend or girlfriend (i.e., dating violence). Overall, the prevalence of dating violence was higher among black female (12.0%) than white female (8.5%) and Hispanic female (9.0%) high school students. In 2005, female youth were nearly twice as likely as male youth to report seriously considering suicide (22% versus 12%) and attempting suicide (11% versus 6%). However, males were far more likely to succeed in committing suicide. (ChildTrends.org, Child and Youth Indicators Databank: Suicidal Teens, 2006) The Girl Scout Research Institute: Facts and Findings Violence |
Health & Reproductive IssuesThe full repercussions of sex selection are just dawning. In China, the now grown-up surplus males of the 1980s are unable to find female partners, Hvistendahl observed. By 2013, one in 10 Chinese men of marriageable age will lack a female counterpart. By 2020 in northwest India, an estimated 15 to 20 percent of men will lack female counterparts. 80 percent of women in the United States have children by the time they are 44. 1 woman dies in childbirth for every 100,000 live births in Ireland. 2,100 women die in childbirth for every 100,000 live births in Sierra Leone. New York Times Magazine August 2009 Half of all pregnancies in the US are unplanned. [2011] Finer, Lawrence B. and Mia R. Zolna. (2011). “Unintended pregnancy in the United States: incidence and disparities, 2006.” Contraception. In Press, Corrected Proof. 22% of pregnancies in the US end in abortion. [2011] Jones, Rachel K. and Kathryn Kooistra. (2011). “Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 43 (1), 41–50. Nearly one in five women in the US is now living without health insurance. The percentage of women aged 18 to 64 who don’t have health insurance increased from 19.2 percent in 2009 to 19.7 percent in 2010—the highest rate recorded in more than a decade. [2011] The percentage of women covered by employer-sponsored health insurance declined to 60.6 percent in 2010, down from 61.7 percent in 2009—a decrease that affected more than 600,000 women. Government assistance is also going down; the percentage of women covered by Medicaid declined to 11.5 percent from 11.7 percent the previous year. [2011] |
Journalism and MediaWomen account for 22 percent of the leadership positions in journalism—a composite of women newspaper publishers (18 percent), women news directors of radio stations (20 percent) and women news directors at television stations (28 percent). [2009] Women of color account for less than 17 percent of female news staff, and only 6 percent of newsroom staff overall. [2009] Although women have been the majority of college journalism majors since 1977, the average male to female ratio for bylines at 11 of the top political and intellectual magazines is 7:1. [2009] Of the top 15 media corporations (which include a mix of print, online, television and radio businesses), all CEO s are male and only 17 percent of board members are women. [2009] Women represent only a third (33.3%) of the full-time journalism workforce in the 522 companies surveyed. [2011] Researchers found that 73% of the top management jobs are occupied by men compared to 27% occupied by women. Among the ranks of reporters, men hold nearly two-thirds of the jobs, compared to 36% held by women. However, among senior professionals, women are nearing parity with 41% of the newsgathering, editing and writing jobs. [2011] The two-year study covering 170,000 people in the news media found a higher representation of women in both governance and top management within both Eastern Europe (33% and 43%, respectively) and Nordic Europe (36% and 37%, respectively), compared to other regions. In the Asia and Oceana region, women are barely 13% of those in senior management, but in some individual nations women exceed men at that level, e.g., in South Africa women are 79.5% of those in senior management. In Lithuania women dominate the reporting ranks of junior and senior professional levels (78.5% and 70.6%, respectively), and their representation is nearing parity in the middle and top management ranks. [2011] International Women's Media Foundation Global Report 2011 Only nine of Newsweek’s Power 50 political pundits were women-five were conservative, four were liberal. Pundits play a crucial role in defining what is politically relevant in today’s society. [2010] |
LawDespite being nearly half (48 percent) of law school graduates, women make up only 18 percent of law partners and only one in four judges. [2009] Women lawyers’ salaries are slipping compared to men’s, at every level. Men who are of counsel lawyers earn about $20,000 more than their female counterparts; male equity partners take home $90,000 more than their female equivalents. [2009] While the confirmation of Sonia Sotomayor in 2009 as the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice is momentous, as a matter of math two out of nine justices translates to only 22 percent female representation. [2009] The representation of women of color in law is among the worst of any of the 10 sectors in this report. Women of color account for less than 2 percent of partners in major law firms and of Fortune 500 general counsels. [2009] |
MilitaryWomen make up 11 percent of the officers in the top five officer categories today and 15 percent of all military officers. This represents significant progress into the top leadership positions, as in 1994 they represented 13 percent of all officers but less than 5 percent of the top five officer ranks. [2009] Women accounted for 14 percent of the enlisted personnel in 1996 and 9 percent in the top three ranks (E-7, E-8 and E-9); despite a decrease of 5 percent in the overall number of enlisted personnel, women made up 14 percent of the ranks and 10 percent of the top three ranks in September 2008. [2009] Women in the military are more likely to be members of a racial minority group than military men. Among enlisted personnel, 46 percent of women identify themselves as nonwhite and among officers, 32 percent of women identify themselves as non-white. [2009] The military remains the only profession in the United States which under Department of Defense policy prohibits women from taking certain jobs. This hinders women from being promoted to the top levels of leadership. [2009] |
Nonprofit SectorWomen make up 45 percent of the CEO s at nonprofits but only 21 percent of the CEO s at nonprofits with budgets of $25 million or more. [2009] Though the vast majority of workers in the nonprofit sector (73 percent) are women, men still hold a majority of top leadership positions and receive significantly higher incomes. [2009] Women CEO s of nonprofits have been losing ground relative to men in terms of salaries: Female CEO s now make only 66 percent of male salaries, compared with 71 percent in 2000. [2009] Women account for 43 percent of the board seats among all nonprofits but hold only 33 percent of the board seats at nonprofits with incomes of $25 million or more. People of color account for 18 percent of the staff in nonprofits and 14 percent of the board members. [2009] |
PhilanthropyStudies reveal that a woman’s innate desire to help others significantly contributes to broader economic prosperity. Consider this:
In nearly 90 percent of high net worth households, women are either the sole decision maker or an equal partner in decisions about charitable giving. Women spend more time than men on due diligence before making decisions about giving to a charitable organization. Women were more strategic in their charitable giving, with 78 percent creating an annual giving strategy and/or budget compared to 72 percent of men. Women (82 percent) are more likely than men (71 percent) to be motivated to give when they are moved by how their gift can make a difference in the world, and because they want to set a good example for the next generation (women: 44 percent)(men: 25 percent). In order to provide deeper insights into the motivations and attitudes of high net worth women and the role of networks a national survey of the American Red Cross Tiffany Circle was conducted. Findings of this study suggest that there is power in women's networks and associations. Responses from networked women in this study suggest that women in networks are more loyal to philanthropic causes, more educated and informed about philanthropic choices, and more trusting of nonprofits than others. Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2011 Study of High Net Worth Women's Philanthropy Contributing Factors to Growth in Women’s Giving [2010] Income groups In each of the five different income groups analyzed, female headed households are more likely to give to charity than male-headed households. In every income group except one, women give more than men. Female headed households are more likely to give than men in comparable households except for the widow/widower category. Female headed households give more than men in comparable households except of the widow/widower category. [2010] Women Give 2010: New Research about Women and Giving Charitable giving by America's biggest companies- Cash donations totaled $4.9-billion last year (2010), up from $4.3-billion in 2009, according to figures provided by 113 companies. Wal-Mart was ranked first with $319.5-million in cash giving. Additionally, Wal-Mart is also making a notable commitment in food and other non cash gifts, pledging to provide $1.75-billion over five years to food banks and other organizations that provide groceries to the poor. The Goldman Sachs investment bank surged into second place with a 353-percent increase in its giving, to $315.4-million. When ranking companies by the combined total of their cash and products, Pfizer topped the list by giving $3-billion in cash and products, followed by Oracle ($2.3-billion) and Merck ($1.2-billion). Fifty-eight companies increased their overseas giving by 20 percent last year, donating $3.8-billion, compared with $3-billion in 2009. The Chronicle of Philanthropy July 24, 2011 Global Giving: the Culture of Philanthropy. Key Findings: -Almost a quarter of high net worth individuals (HNWIs) globally say charity is a top spending priority. -US, Ireland, South Africa and India lead the way in terms of donation both money and time. -UK and Qatar emerge as 'Volunteer' donors, donating time rather than money. -Philanthropy has a bright future, with 44% of respondents more likely to make charity a spending priority when they retire, and amount of time allocated to charity set to increase by 194%. -Men are more active philanthropists in developed countries, but in emerging countries, women take the lead. -Taken by region, developing countries are the second most likely to give money after North America. |
Politics & Political RepresentationWomen make up only 17 percent of the members of the House of Representatives and the Senate; no woman has ever been president or vice president. Women of color are completely absent from the Senate and account for only 5 percent in the House of Representatives. [2009] On a global scale, the U.S ranks 71st out of 189 countries in terms of the proportion of women in their national legislatures. We trail behind the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, Germany, Canada and Australia as well as Afghanistan, Cuba, United Arab Emirates and Pakistan. [2009] Women have lost ground in the last decade as elected statewide executive officials and made little progress in state legislatures; they hold 24 percent of the seats in state legislatures – only 2 percentage points more than a decade earlier – and 24 percent of state executive offices. [2009] There are only six women governors, and women comprise only 15 percent of mayors of cities with populations of over 100,000. [2009] Statistics show that in countries where more women are in political office, there is less corruption, even in countries with the same income, civil liberties, education, and legal institutions. [2009] Only in 19 countries out of a total of more than 180 countries interviewed, did women represent 30% (or more) of the Lower or Single Chamber; and only in 13 countries did they reach or surpass this percentage in the Upper Chamber or Senate. [2009] 50-50 Gender Balance; By Angela Z. Allen |
PovertyThe poverty rate among women rose to 14.5 percent in 2010, up from 13.9 percent in 2009—the highest rate in 17 years. The “extreme poverty rate” among women was the highest ever recorded, climbing to 6.3 percent in 2010 from 5.9 percent in 2009. [2011] “Extreme poverty” means that your income is below half of the federal poverty line—and by 2010, more than 7.5 million women had fallen into that dire category. [2011] 17 million women were living in poverty in 2010, compared with 12.6 million men. As usual, things were worse for older women; twice as many women over 65 were living in poverty, compared with men. [2011] For Hispanic and black women, the poverty rate increased even faster and rose higher—to 25 percent for Hispanic women and to 25.6 percent for black women in 2010. [2011] More than 40 percent of women who head families are now living in poverty. With more than half of poor children living in female-headed families in 2010, the child poverty rate jumped to 22 percent. [2011] |
ReligionAlthough women overall constitute a majority of churchgoers (60 percent), men continue to dominate leadership roles in the church and temple. [2009] On average, in Judeo-Christian faith traditions in the U.S., women currently make up only about 15 percent of Protestant clergy and rabbis. [2009] More women than ever are training for leadership: the proportion of women in Protestant seminaries nearly tripled over the last few decades; today, about half of all Reform Jewish seminary students are female. [2009] Until there is a change both in the rule prohibiting women from ministerial leadership in the Catholic Church, Orthodox Judaism and Islam, and in the resistance to women’s leadership that remains in other religions, women will continue to face an unbreakable stained-glass ceiling. [2009] |
Science & TechnologyIn 2008, women earned 57 percent of all bachelor’s degrees, yet they only earned 18 percent of computer and information science bachelor’s degrees — down from 37 percent in 1985. [2009] Similarly, in 2008 women held 57 percent of all professional occupations in the U.S. workforce but only 25 percent of all professional IT-related jobs — down from 36 percent in 1991. [2009] According to a study by the Center for Work-Life Policy, 74 percent of women in technology report “loving their work,” yet these women leave their careers at a staggering rate: 56 percent of technical women leave at the “mid-level” point just when the loss of their talent is most costly to companies. This is more than double the quit rate for men. It is also higher than the quit rate for women in science and engineering. [2009] In 2008, technical women earned an average salary of $70,370.21. Over the same time period, men’s salaries averaged $80,357. Consequently, the gender gap widened to 12.43 percent, a slight increase from 11.9 percent the previous year and nearly a 3 percent increase from 2006 when the gap was at 9.7 percent. [2009] |
Shopping & Purchasing PowerIn 2010, women accounted for more than half of China's estimated $15 billion in luxury sales (compared to 45% in 2008). The average female luxury consumer spent 22% more in 2010 compared to 2008, while men only spent 10% more. Sylvia Ann Hewlett Associates 2011 Numerous studies show that men spend more of their income on items for their own consumption, including alcohol, cigarettes, high-status consumer goods and even “female companionship”. Women are more likely to purchase goods for their household and specifically for their children, including food, healthcare, education, clothing and personal-care products. Goldman Sachs: Power of the Purse 2009 Globally, women control nearly US$12 trillion of the overall US$18.4 trillion in consumer discretionary spending. In the next five years, women will control US$15 trillion. By 2028, they will control nearly 75% of consumer discretionary spending worldwide. Ernst and Young: Scaling Up 2009 Surveys show that women account for 80 percent of all consumer- expenditure decisions in the U.S., making 93 percent of food purchases and 65 percent of auto buys. It is estimated that by 2014, women could earn about $18 trillion a year and control as much as $28 trillion of spending. 62% of women report that they “typically” buy and resell products using online auction sites, such as eBay – the 3rd most visited site by women. In February 2010, women accounted for 49.8 percent of the U.S. online population, but made up 57.9 percent of all non-travel buyers, made 61.1 percent of online purchases and accounted for 58.2 percent of online dollars. In the U.S. market, women makeup just under half of the Internet population but generate 58 percent of e-commerce dollars. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, women oversee over 80% of consumer spending, or about $5 trillion dollars annually. Globally, women control about $20 trillion in annual consumer spending, and that figure could climb as high as $28 trillion in the next five years. Women's $13 trillion in total yearly earnings could reach $18 trillion in the same period. Harvard Business Review: The Female Economy In e-commerce, female purchasing power is also pretty clear. Sites like Zappos (>$1 billion in revenue last year), Groupon ($760m last year), Gilt Groupe ($500m projected revenue this year), Etsy (over $300m in GMV last year), and Diapers ($300m estimated revenue last year) are all driven by a majority of female customers. According to Gilt Groupe, women are 70% of the customer base and they drive 74% of revenue. And 77% of Groupon’s customers are female according to their site. [2011]
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Social MediaComscore says women are the majority of users of social networking sites and spend 30% more time on these sites than men; mobile social network usage is 55% female according to Nielsen. [2011] Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook, has talked about how women are not only the majority of its users, but drive 62% of activity in terms of messages, updates and comments, and 71% of the daily fan activity. Women have 8% more Facebook friends on average than men, and spend more time on the site. [2011] More women use Twitter, which has a reputation for being a techie insider’s (i.e., male) product. Women follow more people, tweet more, and have more followers on average than men, according to bloggers Dan Zarella and Darmesh Shaw’s analyses. [2011]
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SportsOnly 20.9% of all NCAA teams (men and women's) are coached by female head coaches, 42.6% of women's teams are coached by female head coaches but when Title IX was in enacted in 1972 over 90% of the head coaches for women's teams were female. 42.9% of womenʼs teams are coached by females. 2% to 3% of menʼs teams are coached by females. 57.1% of womenʼs teams are coached by males. 97 to 98% of menʼs teams are coached by males. 20.3% of athletics directors are females. Division 1 has the largest administrative staffs with an average of 5.98 people each. A more robust list of women's intercollegiate statistics can be found in the research report on Women in intercollegiate sport. Women in Intercollegiate Sport Despite Title IX and the influx of young women into sports, only 21 percent of collegiate athletic directors are female; only six of the 13 Women’s Basketball Association teams have head female coaches; and none of the National Basketball Association teams has a female head coach, general manager or president. [2009] While women of color were 47 percent of NCAA basketball players in 2007-08, they made up only 11 percent of the head coaches of these teams; in the 2008 WNBA season; there was one female African-American head coach. [2009] Women make up 48 percent of the athletes in Olympic competition but only 15 percent of the members of the International Olympic Committee and none of the officers. [2009] In tennis, the one sport where women come closest to men in overall earning power, the top paid tennis player (winnings plus endorsements), Roger Federer ($35 million) surpasses the number two, Maria Sharapova ($26 million) by $9 million, and the Williams sisters ($15 million each) by $20 million. [2009] |
Violence Against Women & TraffickingIn 2010 the arrest rate for rape was 24 percent, which was exactly what it was in the late 1970s. While an estimated 17 percent of women in the general population become victims at some point in their lives, a 2006 study of female veterans financed by the Department of Veterans Affairs estimated that between 23 percent and 33 percent of uniformed women had been assaulted. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta estimated that the number of attacks in 2011 by service members on other service members — both women and men — was close to 19,000, more than six times the number of reported attacks. The domestic violence stats for just one day in the United States are frightening. The national network did a statistical snapshot for domestic violence in just one day — Sept. 15, 2011. On that Thursday, 67,399 women and children reported domestic violence, including 614 in the District, 866 in Maryland and 1,304 in Virginia. Women and girls comprise 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation. An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone. As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, still birth and abortion. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, a women is assaulted every 15 seconds. In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrator in 37 percent of cases. According to the United Nations, one of every three women on the planet will be physically or sexually abused in her lifetime. [2011] There were an estimated at 84,767 forcible rapes reported to law enforcement in 2010. This estimate was 5.0 percent lower than the 2009 estimate and 10.3 percent and 6.7 percent lower than the 2006 and 2001 estimates, respectively. [2010] The rate of forcible rapes in 2010 was estimated at 54.2 per 100,000 female inhabitants. [2010] Rapes by force comprised 93.0 percent of reported rape offenses in 2010, and attempts or assaults to commit rape accounted for 7.0 percent of reported rapes. [2010] The Federal Bureau of Investigation 2010 According to UN estimates, about 2.5 million people from 127 countries have been trafficked to 137 countries for purposes such as forced labour, sexual exploitation, the removal of organs and body parts, forced marriages, child adoption and begging. [2008] United Nations News Service 2008 Firm statistics are nearly impossible to come by, but studies show that honor killings accelerated significantly in a 20-year period between 1989 and 2009. [2010] The Middle East Quarterly 2010 A study in Zaria, Nigeria found that 16 percent of hospital patients treated for sexually transmitted infections were younger than 5. UNFPA In Zimbabwe, domestic violence accounts for more than 60% of murder cases that go through the high court in Harare. ZWRCN |
Wealth & Economic CloutThe number of wealthy women in the U.S. is growing at a faster rate than that of men. In a two year period, the number of wealthy women in the U.S. grew 68%, while the number of men grew only 36%. Over 50% of high net worth individuals in the UK are women. In 2007, the combined wealth of Britain's 100 richest women was £33.27 billion. Women controlled an estimated 27 percent, or about $20 trillion, of the world’s wealth in 2009. This is expected to grow at a rate of 8% every year through 2014. North America and Western Europe accounted for more than two-thirds, or $14.3 trillion, of the wealth controlled by women. 30 percent of women said they make their investment decisions alone rather than relying on a spouse or other family members. Women currently earn an estimated $13 trillion globally- total yearly earnings could reach $18 trillion by 2014 The amount of women-controlled wealth increased by 16 percent in 2009. It grew by nearly 30 percent in Asia (ex Japan) and by 24 percent in Australia and New Zealand. From 1980-2008, the number of women in the global workforce doubled to 1.2 billion. The Boston Consulting Group, 2010 Data from 2008-2009 indicate that women are running more than 10 million businesses with combined sales of $1.1 trillion. In the U.S. the number of women with 6-figure salaries is rising at twice the rate of men. Nationwide, about one in 18 women working full time earned $100,000 or more in 2009, a jump of 14 percent over two years, according to new census figures. In contrast, one in seven men made that much, up just 4 percent. The Centre for Economics and Business Research estimates that, by 2020, 53% of millionaires are likely to be female. Womenomics: The Global Lifestyle News Network Women will inherit 70% of the $41 trillion in inter-generational wealth transfer expected over the next 40 years. Boston College's Center on Wealth and Philanthropy Globally, high net worth individuals (HNWIs’) financial wealth grew 9.7% in 2010 to reach US$42.7 trillion, surpassing the 2007 pre-crisis peak. The global population of HNWIs grew 8.3% to 10.9 million. [2011] Women accounted for 27% of the global HNWI population in 2010, up from 24% in 2008. [2011] In North America, women accounted for 37% of the HNWI population. [2011] The population of HNWIs in North America rose 8.6% in 2010 to 3.4 million, after rising 16.6% in 2009. Their wealth rose 9.1% to US$11.6 trillion. The U.S. is still home to the single largest HNW segment in the world, with its 3.1 million HNWIs accounting for 28.6% of the global HNWI population. [2011] Women constitute 43% of Americans with gross assets exceeding $1.5 million. Other statistics based on IRS data suggest that approximately 3.4 million women hold more than 5.8 trillion in combined assets. [2009] Private wealth in the U.S. is expected to grow from some $14 trillion in 2009 to $22 trillion by 2020, and 50% of it will be in the hands of women. [2009] Globally, women control about $20 trillion in annual consumer spending, a figure that is expected to grow as much as 40% in the next five years alone. [2009] Private wealth in the United States is expected to grow from some $14 trillion today to $22 trillion by 2020, and 50% of it will be in the hands of women. In the U.S. alone, women control $4.3 trillion of $5.9 trillion of consumer spending each year. [2009] It is estimated that by 2014, women could earn about $18 trillion a year and control as much as $28 trillion of spending. 70% of women report being less financially dependent on a spouse or partner than the previous generation. When asked if financial support would be important to them in a partner, only 30% of women said yes. 78% also said that a woman can have a fulfilling life on her own. [2009] Women own 48% of savings, and 60% of billionaires are expected to be women by 2025. [2009] 50-50 Gender Balance; By Angela Z. Allen In the Finance and Insurance Industry in 2010, Women composed only 3.6 percent of all CEOs, 17.4 percent of all Board Directors, 19.1 percent of all Executive Officers and 57.3 percent of the labor force. Gillibrand, Kirsten. Women's Economic Empowerment, 2011. |